This is no problem in the eNB, but would lead to very expensive handsets. Hence a different solution was selected for the UL. To enable possible deployment around the world, supporting as many regulatory requirements as possible, LTE is developed for a number of frequency bands — E-UTRA operating bands- currently ranging from MHz up to 2.
The available bandwidths are also flexible starting with 1. In R9 four bands were added for FDD. MBMS is used to provide broadcast information to all users, for example advertisement, and multicast to a closed group subscribing to a specific service, e. HeNBs are introduced mainly to provide coverage indoors, in homes or offices.
Normally it will be owned by the customer, deployed without any network planning and connected to the operators EPC Evolved Packet Core. Release 17 Schedule. Recorded 3GPP webinars and interviews no registration needed. Those can be largely classified into the categories as shown in Figure 5 and listed below [6] :. However, with Cat. To address this limitation and to increase the data rate to support advanced services and applications, 3GPP Release 10 introduced LTE-Advanced to enhance data throughput and spectral efficiency with two major features.
On the opposite front, for higher data-rate applications, three performances improvements were implemented for enhanced MBB eMBB. MIMO was brought up to enable up to eight layers and enhanced beamforming. In addition, technologies already defined in earlier release were optimized to expand into new frontiers.
With LTE-Advanced, LTE Broadcast implemented a more efficient way to deliver mass media contents over the cellular networks by enabling more dynamic, scalable and cost effective applications and, as such, fulfill the request for watching long and live video streams on demand on mobile devices.
On the same wave, Release 12 begun to address the stringent demand for lower latency in the end-to-end set up time and transport delay for the new use cases for situational awareness introducing the Device-to-Device D2D proximity services functionality. For Mission-Critical, including Vehicle-to-Anything V2x applications, new enhancements for video, data services and reduced latency. As well, new unlicensed spectrum in the 3. As far as the network is concerning, it has started to shift to a complete virtualized system integrating concepts of digitalization of the infrastructure and slicing network mechanisms for reconfiguring its layers according to the end-user application.
From early June onwards, all will be around 5G. The first commercial launch is in the roadmap for but major stakeholders are already making huge investments and put a lot of pressure to accelerate its deployment. The Pre-Release 15 for the initial studies of 5G started in early Q4 but there are already several Companies that are claiming to have solutions based on 5G technology.
Early adopters are planning demonstrations and events ahead of what expected indicating that the industry is running faster than the standards. Few examples are the Winter Olympics in South Korea in and Olympics in Tokyo-Japan in , where all the communications are expected to run over 5G. A lot of work has been done in previous 3GPP Releases to optimize and enable LTE for a smooth transition to 5G to cover use cases for three major verticals:.
And indeed, the majority of all these applications claimed to be 5G, will continue to run over evolved LTE infrastructures and devices that progressively will adhere to the new standards and requirements. The 5G NR design should be forward compatible in order to guarantee that additional features can be added transparently in later releases. The two operation modes enable the radio according to the following definition:.
Despite that the two operation modes in the original study should have had to coexist from the beginning, in March there was a common consensus in the 3GPP to pull ahead of 6 months to March the completion for the NSA and prioritize it with respect to the SA solution. The workplan is illustrated in Figure 6 and it also highlights its focus on eMBB development.
This change from the original plans indicates that standards have strong intention to catch up and re-align with the industry that have announced eMBB applications based upon the NSA solutions and, in turn, allowing longer life to LTE to maximize investments for the other use cases. There will definitely be catalysts to accelerate the evolution to 5G beyond the eMBB and especially in the URLLC and Mission Critical use cases where the target for user plane latency should be down to 0.
As well, in the longer period mMTC use cases will need to address challenges for continuous and ubiquitous coverage in urban areas with very high connection density of MTC devices, longer battery life beyond 15 years and lower device cost. Networks would evolve toward much more flexible and distributed elements where a very large number of Small Cells will be working in combination with macro sites and smaller base stations resulting in a system composed of heterogeneous network HetNet.
The spectrum availably is also a hot topic of discussion between industry and regulators that will have to come to an agreement to facilitate the deployment of 5G use cases in the 3 classes of main opportunities that are in the frequencies of MHz for extended coverage, 3.
What Release 16 will include is not detailed yet. It will very likely go on the same path of Release 15 to include additional studies, use cases and requirements to enhance the 5G technology and generate massive business opportunity for new sources of revenue streams and an economic growth, that is still to be completely uncovered.
As seen in the previous chapter, LTE has evolved quite consistently along its standards adding, release after release, new features that complete and enhance the telecommunication ecosystem broadly and in so many business ramifications as no other technologies ever before.
The innovations that have contributed to reach higher and higher data rate have evolved at the same pace aggregating more and more carriers for a wider channel bandwidth across the widespread frequency spectrum licensed and unlicensed used by LTE, combining information density in higher modulation schemes and optimizing antenna technologies.
While the MTC segment is currently centralizing the attention of the industry with new investments and efforts for an easily scalable and affordable system, this chapter will look at the eMBB segment evaluating pro and cons of each advancement that has boosted LTE to reach the Gigabit class, and highlighting the key drivers for their commercialization and deployment.
One of the methods to achieve the target of 1Gbps was to increment the channel bandwidth over the limits in a contiguous spectrum by adding more carrier components for an enlarged the data pipe. The same aggregation process with up to 5 components is also applied for the UL channels.
Figure 10 below illustrates this process highlighting the different coverage of the serving cells around a single user and therefore the need of a PSC to handle the main control signaling. CA also addresses the limitation of the high fragmented LTE spectrum spread out across the licensed and unlicensed frequencies above 5GHz and enables MNOs with less than 20MHz channel bandwidth to be more competitive in the market.
The aggregation process across the wide spectrum, makes indeed LTE-Advanced a very flexible and scalable technology that has been the key successful factor of its wide and rapid diffusion across the world.
LTE-Advanced-Pro has gone to the next step aggregating to the anchor cell in the licensed spectrum, carrier components in the unlicensed spectrum above 5HGz. Therefore, with as little as 20MHz of licensed spectrum it is possible for MNOs to benefit of the bandwidth-rich unlicensed frequencies availability supplementing their spectrum holdings without the costs of a new spectrum license.
Like LTE, 5G also uses a variety of frequency bands to provide coverage in cities and rural areas. Easy and simple. This website uses cookies and similar technologies. These are small text files that are stored and read on your computer. Details can be found in section 3 of the data privacy information. The data is used for analyses, retargeting and for playing out personalized content and advertising on Telekom sites and third-party sites. Further information, including information on data processing by third-party providers and the possibility of revocation, can be found in the settings and in our data privacy information.
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Data Privacy Settings This website uses cookies and similar technologies. The right 4G LTE module can then be selected according to the need. To provide the maximum amount of flexibility, LTE is compatible with existing mobile networks. Wi-Fi was created in by the Wi-Fi Alliance. It is a set of wireless local limited range area network LAN protocols for short-distance connectivity.
LTE is a broadband unlimited range wireless network technology. Wi-Fi comes in many flavors now, and speed performance continues to improve with each new generation.
Wi-Fi works best for line-of-sight use, and walls, pillars, or TV screens obstacles may seriously reduce range. Practical performance is also related to distance from the router. In short, was when 5G lifts off, and onward is when 5G networks and 5G phones will be available en masse for the users. Discover key facts and more about 5G technology and worldwide roll-outs in our 5G web dossier. If you've something to say on 4G LTE, a question to ask, or have found this article helpful; please leave a comment in the box below.
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